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''' Basic network namespace management ================================== Pyroute2 provides basic namespaces management support. Here's a quick overview of typical netns tasks and related pyroute2 tools. Move an interface to a namespace -------------------------------- Though this task is managed not via `netns` module, it should be mentioned here as well. To move an interface to a netns, one should provide IFLA_NET_NS_FD nla in a set link RTNL request. The nla is an open FD number, that refers to already created netns. The pyroute2 library provides also a possibility to specify not a FD number, but a netns name as a string. In that case the library will try to lookup the corresponding netns in the standard location. Create veth and move the peer to a netns with IPRoute:: from pyroute2 import IPRoute ipr = IPRoute() ipr.link('add', ifname='v0p0', kind='veth', peer='v0p1') idx = ipr.link_lookup(ifname='v0p1')[0] ipr.link('set', index=idx, net_ns_fd='netns_name') Create veth and move the peer to a netns with IPDB:: from pyroute2 import IPDB ipdb = IPDB() ipdb.create(ifname='v0p0', kind='veth', peer='v0p1').commit() with ipdb.interfaces.v0p1 as i: i.net_ns_fd = 'netns_name' Manage interfaces within a netns -------------------------------- This task can be done with `NetNS` objects. A `NetNS` object spawns a child and runs it within a netns, providing the same API as `IPRoute` does:: from pyroute2 import NetNS ns = NetNS('netns_name') # do some stuff within the netns ns.close() One can even start `IPDB` on the top of `NetNS`:: from pyroute2 import NetNS from pyroute2 import IPDB ns = NetNS('netns_name') ipdb = IPDB(nl=ns) # do some stuff within the netns ipdb.release() ns.close() Spawn a process within a netns ------------------------------ For that purpose one can use `NSPopen` API. It works just as normal `Popen`, but starts a process within a netns. List, set, create, attach and remove netns ------------------------------------------ These functions are described below. To use them, import `netns` module:: from pyroute2 import netns netns.listnetns() Please be aware, that in order to run system calls the library uses `ctypes` module. It can fail on platforms where SELinux is enforced. If the Python interpreter, loading this module, dumps the core, one can check the SELinux state with `getenforce` command. ''' import ctypes import ctypes.util import errno import io import os import os.path import pickle import struct import traceback from pyroute2 import config from pyroute2.common import basestring try: file = file except NameError: file = io.IOBase # FIXME: arch reference __NR = { 'x86_': {'64bit': 308}, 'i386': {'32bit': 346}, 'i686': {'32bit': 346}, 'mips': {'32bit': 4344, '64bit': 5303}, # FIXME: NABI32? 'loon': {'64bit': 268}, 'armv': {'32bit': 375}, 'aarc': {'32bit': 375, '64bit': 268}, # FIXME: EABI vs. OABI? 'ppc6': {'64bit': 350}, 's390': {'64bit': 339}, 'loongarch64': {'64bit': 268}, 'risc': {'64bit': 268}, } __NR_setns = __NR.get(config.machine[:4], {}).get(config.arch, 308) CLONE_NEWNET = 0x40000000 MNT_DETACH = 0x00000002 MS_BIND = 4096 MS_REC = 16384 MS_SHARED = 1 << 20 NETNS_RUN_DIR = '/var/run/netns' __saved_ns = [] __libc = None def _get_netnspath(name): netnspath = name dirname = os.path.dirname(name) if not dirname: netnspath = '%s/%s' % (NETNS_RUN_DIR, name) if hasattr(netnspath, 'encode'): netnspath = netnspath.encode('ascii') return netnspath def _get_libc(libc=None): global __libc if libc is not None: return libc if __libc is None: __libc = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library('c'), use_errno=True) return __libc def listnetns(nspath=None): ''' List available network namespaces. ''' if nspath: nsdir = nspath else: nsdir = NETNS_RUN_DIR try: return os.listdir(nsdir) except FileNotFoundError: return [] def _get_ns_by_inode(nspath=NETNS_RUN_DIR): ''' Return a dict with inode as key and namespace name as value ''' ns_by_dev_inode = {} for ns_name in listnetns(nspath=nspath): ns_path = os.path.join(nspath, ns_name) try: st = os.stat(ns_path) except FileNotFoundError: # The path disappeared from the FS while listing, ignore it continue if st.st_dev not in ns_by_dev_inode: ns_by_dev_inode[st.st_dev] = {} ns_by_dev_inode[st.st_dev][st.st_ino] = ns_name return ns_by_dev_inode def ns_pids(nspath=NETNS_RUN_DIR): ''' List pids in all netns If a pid is in a unknown netns do not return it ''' result = {} ns_by_dev_inode = _get_ns_by_inode(nspath) for pid in os.listdir('/proc'): if not pid.isdigit(): continue try: st = os.stat(os.path.join('/proc', pid, 'ns', 'net')) except OSError as e: if e.errno in (errno.EACCES, errno.ENOENT): continue raise try: ns_name = ns_by_dev_inode[st.st_dev][st.st_ino] except KeyError: continue if ns_name not in result: result[ns_name] = [] result[ns_name].append(int(pid)) return result def pid_to_ns(pid=1, nspath=NETNS_RUN_DIR): ''' Return netns name which matches the given pid, None otherwise ''' try: st = os.stat(os.path.join('/proc', str(pid), 'ns', 'net')) ns_by_dev_inode = _get_ns_by_inode(nspath) return ns_by_dev_inode[st.st_dev][st.st_ino] except OSError as e: if e.errno in (errno.EACCES, errno.ENOENT): return None raise except KeyError: return None def _create(netns, libc=None, pid=None): libc = _get_libc(libc) netnspath = _get_netnspath(netns) netnsdir = os.path.dirname(netnspath) # init netnsdir try: os.mkdir(netnsdir) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.EEXIST: raise # this code is ported from iproute2 done = False while libc.mount(b'', netnsdir, b'none', MS_SHARED | MS_REC, None) != 0: if done: raise OSError(ctypes.get_errno(), 'share rundir failed', netns) if ( libc.mount(netnsdir, netnsdir, b'none', MS_BIND | MS_REC, None) != 0 ): raise OSError(ctypes.get_errno(), 'mount rundir failed', netns) done = True # create mountpoint os.close(os.open(netnspath, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL, 0)) # unshare if pid is None: pid = 'self' if libc.unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) < 0: raise OSError(ctypes.get_errno(), 'unshare failed', netns) # bind the namespace if ( libc.mount( '/proc/{}/ns/net'.format(pid).encode('utf-8'), netnspath, b'none', MS_BIND, None, ) < 0 ): raise OSError(ctypes.get_errno(), 'mount failed', netns) def create(netns, libc=None): ''' Create a network namespace. ''' rctl, wctl = os.pipe() pid = os.fork() if pid == 0: # child error = None try: _create(netns, libc) except Exception as e: error = e error.tb = traceback.format_exc() msg = pickle.dumps(error) os.write(wctl, struct.pack('I', len(msg))) os.write(wctl, msg) os._exit(0) else: # parent msglen = struct.unpack('I', os.read(rctl, 4))[0] error = pickle.loads(os.read(rctl, msglen)) os.close(rctl) os.close(wctl) os.waitpid(pid, 0) if error is not None: raise error def attach(netns, pid, libc=None): ''' Attach the network namespace of the process `pid` to `netns` as if it were created with `create`. ''' _create(netns, libc, pid) def remove(netns, libc=None): ''' Remove a network namespace. ''' libc = _get_libc(libc) netnspath = _get_netnspath(netns) libc.umount2(netnspath, MNT_DETACH) os.unlink(netnspath) def setns(netns, flags=os.O_CREAT, libc=None): ''' Set netns for the current process. The flags semantics is the same as for the `open(2)` call: - O_CREAT -- create netns, if doesn't exist - O_CREAT | O_EXCL -- create only if doesn't exist Note that "main" netns has no name. But you can access it with:: setns('foo') # move to netns foo setns('/proc/1/ns/net') # go back to default netns See also `pushns()`/`popns()`/`dropns()` Changed in 0.5.1: the routine closes the ns fd if it's not provided via arguments. ''' newfd = False libc = _get_libc(libc) if isinstance(netns, basestring): netnspath = _get_netnspath(netns) if os.path.basename(netns) in listnetns(os.path.dirname(netns)): if flags & (os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL) == (os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL): raise OSError(errno.EEXIST, 'netns exists', netns) else: if flags & os.O_CREAT: create(netns, libc=libc) nsfd = os.open(netnspath, os.O_RDONLY) newfd = True elif isinstance(netns, file): nsfd = netns.fileno() elif isinstance(netns, int): nsfd = netns else: raise RuntimeError('netns should be a string or an open fd') error = libc.syscall(__NR_setns, nsfd, CLONE_NEWNET) if newfd: os.close(nsfd) if error != 0: raise OSError(ctypes.get_errno(), 'failed to open netns', netns) def pushns(newns=None, libc=None): ''' Save the current netns in order to return to it later. If newns is specified, change to it:: # --> the script in the "main" netns netns.pushns("test") # --> changed to "test", the "main" is saved netns.popns() # --> "test" is dropped, back to the "main" ''' global __saved_ns __saved_ns.append(os.open('/proc/self/ns/net', os.O_RDONLY)) if newns is not None: setns(newns, libc=libc) def popns(libc=None): ''' Restore the previously saved netns. ''' global __saved_ns fd = __saved_ns.pop() try: setns(fd, libc=libc) except Exception: __saved_ns.append(fd) raise os.close(fd) def dropns(libc=None): ''' Discard the last saved with `pushns()` namespace ''' global __saved_ns fd = __saved_ns.pop() try: os.close(fd) except Exception: pass